Libzkfpdll -

Performance: on a 2025 MacBook Pro M4, generating one Groth16 proof of a SHA-256 preimage takes ; verification takes 4 ms . 4. Advanced Features 4.1 Recursive Proofs (zk-SNARKs of zk-SNARKs) libzkfpdll natively supports proof composition via the recursive module, allowing you to prove that another proof is valid without revealing the original witness. This is critical for blockchain rollups. 4.2 Plonk with Custom Gates Using FPDL’s @gate pragma, developers can define custom arithmetic gates to reduce circuit size:

@gate "ec_add" (x1, y1, x2, y2) => (x3, y3) elliptic_curve = "secp256k1" libzkfpdll

| Backend | Proof gen (ms) | Verify (ms) | Proof size (B) | Setup trust | |---------|----------------|--------------|----------------|-------------| | Groth16 | 210 | 8 | 192 | Trusted (1 day) | | Plonk | 410 | 24 | 784 | Universal | | Bulletproofs | 1840 | 92 | 1248 | Transparent | Performance: on a 2025 MacBook Pro M4, generating

The project began in late 2025 at the Privacy & Cryptography Lab at ETH Zürich, led by Dr. Anya Sharma. After two years of closed development, version 1.0 was released under the Apache 2.0 license, gaining rapid adoption by projects like Nym (mixnet privacy) and Filecoin’s L2, Basin. libzkfpdll is written in Rust, with C and Python bindings. Its internal design follows four layers: 2.1 FPDL Frontend (Flexible Proof Description Language) Instead of writing arithmetic circuits or R1CS constraints directly, developers define relations using FPDL: This is critical for blockchain rollups

let preimage = b"secret data"; let digest = sha256(preimage);

assert!(proof.verify(&vk, &[&digest])); println!("✅ Proof verified without revealing preimage");